BRADFORD’S LAW OF SCATTERING AND LEIMKUHLER MODEL ON HIV VACCINE LITERATURE RESEARCH

Sumedh Shamrao Gajbe

Librarian

S.S. Dhamdhere Arts & Commerce College,

Talegaon Dhamdhere, Tal-Shirur, Dist-Pune

Email-gajbesumedh420@gmail.com

Sankalp Shamrao Gajbe

Librarian

G.E.I’s Mahila Mahavidyalaya,

S.V. Joshi Highschool, Dombivli(E) Dist-Thane. (MS) India

Email: gajbe.sankalp16@gmail.com

Dr. Sangharsh Shamrao Gajbe

Librarian

South Indian Children’s Education Society’s

Degree College of Arts, Science and Commerce,

Jambhul Phata Ambernath (W) gajbesangharsh10@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT

The study deals with the application of Bradford’s law of scattering on HIV Vaccine Research. It is found that verbal formulation 1: n: n2 has fit with the data on HIV Vaccine Research. As Leimkuher model applied for verification of Bradford’s law and it fits with 9:103:1145 geometric series with 11.16% of error. Other Scientometrics indicators such as the ranking of most preferred journals, geographical analysis of publication. ‘Vaccine’ is the highest preferred journal in the field of HIV Vaccine. The collected from PubMed published literature for period of 20 years from 2001-2020.

KEYWORDS: Bradford’s law, Leimkuhler model, HIV Vaccine Research, Bibliometrics,

1.INTRODUCTION:

 

Every field of knowledge developing tremendously and research are increasing with a variety of multidisciplinary approach. So, the nature of available journals and articles are very complex. In such situation it is very difficult for new researchers to find out relevant research materials. Even libraries have to think very carefully to procure the relevant reading materials to serve the users optimum. It is found that in every subject there are some journals which are referred frequently by researchers. It means these frequently cited journals are closer to the subject or research works.

These highly cited journals are called as ‘Central set of Journals. These journals are relevant and clearly reflect the conceptual essence of the research being carried out in the discipline. Generally, the number of these central journals are very less. These journals are reflecting not only the relevant materials but also interdisciplinary fields that are closely related to the subjects. Articles in such a central set of journals are concentrated on the content of related fields. Other rarely relevant journals are much in number and they only reflect the application of the subject in other disciplines.

2.OBJECTIVES:

 

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the HIV Vaccine publications using bibliometric techniques and to answer the following research objectives:

• To determine the growth rate of literature.
• To find out the most productive journals and application of Bradford's law of scattering
• To trace the geographical distribution of publications
• To explore the language distribution

3.METHODOLOGY:

 

Based on the objectives of the study, we explored the bibliometric analysis of documents on HIV Vaccine using PUBMED database. A topical search was performed on June 18, 2021 using the term HIV vaccine to identify and obtain data on published literature for a period of 20 years .(2001- 2020). Total 10299 results were retrieved covering widespread subject fields. Searched for: TOPIC: (“HIV Vaccine”) this data from PUBMED Database.

4.DATA ANALYSIS:

1. Growth of Literature:

Table 1 shows that a total of 10299 articles were published on HIV Vaccines

Year	Articles	Percentage
2001	390	3.79
2002	409	3.97
2003	448	4.35
2004	453	4.40
2005	500	4.85
2006	473	4.59
2007	481	4.67
2008	509	4.94
2009	506	4.91
2010	532	5.17
2011	493	4.79
2012	508	4.93
2013	530	5.15
2014	605	5.87
2015	569	5.52
2016	636	6.18
2017	560	5.44
2018	569	5.52
2019	520	5.05
2020	577	5.60
2021	31	0.30
Total	10299	100.00

 

Table 1 shows that a total of 10299 articles were published on HIV Vaccines during 2001-2020 thus on an average, approximately 513 articles were published each year. Maximum number of articles i.e. 636(6.18%) were published in the year 2016, whereas lowest number of articles i.e. 390 (3.79%) were published in 2001.

4.2Most Productive Journals

 

A total of 10299 articles were contributed in 1263 journals in the field of HIV Vaccines. Rank list of top 20 journals on basis of number of article published in each journal is given in the table 2. The top 20 most productive journals contained 4760(46.22%) of total articles. The maximum numbers of articles i.e. 765 (7.43%) were published in Journal of HIV Vaccines.

Table 2: Most Productive Journals

 

Sr.No.	Journals	Articles	Percentage	Rank
1	VACCINE	765	7.43	1
2	JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY	594	5.77	2
3	PLOS ONE	455	4.42	3
4	AIDS (LONDON ENGLAND)	433	4.20	4
5	AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES	430	4.18	5
6	CURRENT OPINION IN HIV AND AIDS	230	2.23	6
7	JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (1999)	200	1.94	7
8	THE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES	192	1.86	8
9	JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE MD. : 1950)	145	1.41	9
10	VIROLOGY	140	1.36	10
11	IAVI REPORT : NEWSLETTER ON INTERNATIONAL AIDS VACCINE RESEARCH	135	1.31	11
12	SCIENCE (NEW YORK N.Y.)	135	1.31	11
13	PLOS PATHOGENS	127	1.23	12
14	EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES	113	1.10	13
15	CURRENT HIV RESEARCH	109	1.06	14
16	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS	103	1.00	15
17	NATURE	98	0.95	16
18	NATURE MEDICINE	97	0.94	17
19	HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS	88	0.85	18
20	PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA	87	0.84	19
21	FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY	84	0.82	20
	Truncated……

 

 

 

MOST PRODUCTIVE JOURNALS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. No.1 Most Productive Journals

 

< >Bradford's Law of Scattering:Table 3: Distribution of Journals on HIV Vaccines

 

Rank	Journ al	Cumulati ve   Journals	Articl es	Total Articles	Cumulativ e Articles	Log N	%Cumulative   Articles	%Cumulati ve Journals
1	1	1	765	765	765	0.000	7.55	0.080
2	1	2	594	594	1359	0.693	13.40	0.159
3	1	3	455	455	1814	1.099	17.89	0.239
4	1	4	433	433	2247	1.386	22.16	0.318
5	1	5	430	430	2677	1.609	26.40	0.398
6	1	6	230	230	2907	1.792	28.67	0.477
7	1	7	200	200	3107	1.946	30.64	0.557
8	1	8	192	192	3299	2.079	32.54	0.636
9	1	9	145	145	3444	2.197	33.97	0.716
10	1	10	140	140	3584	2.303	35.35	0.796
11	2	12	135	270	3854	2.485	38.01	0.955
12	1	13	127	127	3981	2.565	39.26	1.034
13	1	14	113	113	4094	2.639	40.38	1.114
14	1	15	109	109	4203	2.708	41.45	1.193
15	1	16	103	103	4306	2.773	42.47	1.273
16	1	17	98	98	4404	2.833	43.44	1.352
17	1	18	97	97	4501	2.890	44.39	1.432
18	1	19	88	88	4589	2.944	45.26	1.512
19	1	20	87	87	4676	2.996	46.12	1.591
20	1	21	84	84	4760	3.045	46.95	1.671
21	1	22	72	72	4832	3.091	47.66	1.750
22	1	23	70	70	4902	3.135	48.35	1.830
23	1	24	68	68	4970	3.178	49.02	1.909
24	1	25	66	66	5036	3.219	49.67	1.989
25	1	26	61	61	5097	3.258	50.27	2.068
26	1	27	59	59	5156	3.296	50.85	2.148
27	1	28	58	58	5214	3.332	51.43	2.228
28	1	29	56	56	5270	3.367	51.98	2.307
29	1	30	56	56	5326	3.401	52.53	2.387
30	1	31	54	54	5380	3.434	53.06	2.466
31	2	33	52	104	5484	3.497	54.09	2.625
32	1	34	47	47	5531	3.526	54.55	2.705
33	1	35	46	46	5577	3.555	55.01	2.784
34	1	36	44	44	5621	3.584	55.44	2.864
35	6	42	38	228	5849	3.738	57.69	3.341
36	2	44	37	74	5923	3.784	58.42	3.500
37	1	45	36	36	5959	3.807	58.77	3.580
38	2	47	33	66	6025	3.850	59.42	3.739
39	2	49	32	64	6089	3.892	60.06	3.898
40	3	52	31	93	6182	3.951	60.97	4.137
41	2	54	30	60	6242	3.989	61.56	4.296
42	1	55	29	29	6271	4.007	61.85	4.375
43	1	56	27	27	6298	4.025	62.12	4.455
44	3	59	26	78	6376	4.078	62.89	4.694
45	6	65	25	150	6526	4.174	64.37	5.171
46	1	66	24	24	6550	4.190	64.60	5.251
47	1	67	23	23	6573	4.205	64.83	5.330
48	1	68	22	22	6595	4.220	65.05	5.410
49	2	70	21	42	6637	4.248	65.46	5.569
50	1	71	20	20	6657	4.263	65.66	5.648
51	5	76	19	95	6752	4.331	66.59	6.046
52	3	79	18	54	6806	4.369	67.13	6.285
53	8	87	17	136	6942	4.466	68.47	6.921
54	3	90	16	48	6990	4.500	68.94	7.160
55	11	101	15	165	7155	4.615	70.57	8.035
56	6	107	14	84	7239	4.673	71.40	8.512
57	14	121	13	182	7421	4.796	73.19	9.626
58	10	131	12	120	7541	4.875	74.38	10.422
59	14	145	11	154	7695	4.977	75.90	11.535
60	10	155	10	100	7795	5.043	76.88	12.331
61	10	165	9	90	7885	5.106	77.77	13.126
62	15	180	8	120	8005	5.193	78.95	14.320
63	26	206	7	182	8187	5.328	80.75	16.388
64	33	239	6	198	8385	5.476	82.70	19.014
65	36	275	5	180	8565	5.617	84.48	21.877
66	62	337	4	248	8813	5.820	86.92	26.810
67	96	433	3	288	9101	6.071	89.76	34.447
68	214	647	2	428	9529	6.472	93.98	51.472
69	610	1257	1	610	10139	7.136	100.00	100.000

 

 

Table 4: Zone wise Distribution of Journals

 

Zone Journals	Journals	Journals% age	Articles	Articles %age	Multiplier
1	9	0.72	3444	33.44
2	76	6.05	3454	33.54	8.44
3	1172	93.24	3401	33.02	15.42
	1257	100	10299	100	11.93

 

According to Bradford's law, the zones, thus identified will form an approximately geometric series in the form 1: n: n² . The relationship of each zone in the present study is 9:76: 1172. Here 9 denotes the number of journals in the Nucleus and the mean Bradford multiplier is 11.93.

Therefore expression can be given as:

9: 9 x (11.93): 9 x (11.93)² :: 1: n: n²

9: 107.37: 1280.92 > 1397.29

% error =(1397.29 -1257) / 1257 * 100 = 11.16%

It is clear that percentage of error is not so high and hence the Data will fit in Bradford's Law.

 

                                            

Fig. no.2 Bradford zones

 

A Scatter graph is plotted of the cumulative number of articles with the log of cumulative number of journals to show Bradford zones.

4.4Application of Egghe’s Leimkuhler Model:

In this study both Bradford’s law as well as Leimkuhler models are tested to verify the scattering of literature on HIV Vaccine (Leimkuhler, 1967). Leimkuhler developed a model based on Bradford’s verbal formulation as shown below:

R(r)= a log (1+br)

Where, r = 1,2,3……

Egghe explained the Leimkhuler model as (Egghe, 1990):

a = Y0 / log k b = k – 1 / r0

here r0 - is the number of sources in the first Bradford group

Y0 – the number of items in every Bradford group (all these group of items being of equal sizes), and

k – the Bradford multiplier

R(r) is the cumulative number of items produced by the sources of rank 1,2,3…. r a and b are constants appearing in the law of Leimkuhler (Leimkuhler, 1980). Egghe (1990) has shown the mathematical formula for calculating the Bradford Multiplier k as

k= (ey ym )1/p

Where ???? is Euler’s number (e y =1.781) e = 2.718 (constant)

p = 3

If the sources are ranked in decreasing order of productivity, then ym is the number of items in the most productivity sources.

ro = number of journals in Bradford’s first zone T = Total number of journals in Bradford zone

k = (1.781*Ym)1/p = (1.781*765)1/3 = (91362.465)1/3=11.086

Yo = A/P = 10299/3 = 3433

ro =T (k-1)/(k^p-1) = 1257(10.086)/(11.086)³-1

=1257*10.086/(11.086*11.086*11.086)-1

= 12678.102/1362.4627-1

=12678.102/1361.4627 ro=9.3121

r1= r0*k = 9.3121*11.086

= 103.239

r2= r0*k2 = 9.1321*(11.086)²

= 1144.451

a = Y0/log K = 3433/log 11.86 = 3433/1.04477

=3285.8906

b = k-1/ro = 10.086/10.2353

= 0.9854

The findings are shown in Table 7

From Table 7, the number of journals in the nucleus is found to be 9.2353 and k=11.086.31

Therefore expression can be given as:

9: 9 x (11.27): 9 x (11.27)²:: 1: n: n²

9: 101.43: 1143. > 1397.29

% error = (1397.29 -1257) / 1257 * 100 = 11.16%

It is clear that percentage of error is not so high and hence the Data will fit in Bradford's Law.

Bradford’s law of scattering in the area of HIV Vaccine.

As per the Leimkuher model Bradford’s zone of cited journals are as follow:

Table 5: Zone wise Distribution of Journals Leimkuher model Bradford’s zone

Zone Journals	Journals	Journals% age	No. of Citation	Multiplier
1	9	0.72	3444
2	103	8.19	3977	11.44
3	1145	91.09	2718	11.11
Total	1257	100	10139	11.27

4.5Language wise distribution:

Table 6: Language wise Distribution

Sr. No.	Language	No of time	Percentage
1	English	10268	97.51
2	Chiness	58	0.55
3	French	50	0.47
4	German	35	0.33
5	Japness	29	0.28
6	Russian	22	0.21
7	French	12	0.11
8	Polish	9	0.09
9	Spanish	15	0.14
10	Portuguese	10	0.09
11	Italian	6	0.06
12	Dutch	4	0.04
13	Norwegian	3	0.03
14	Hebrew	3	0.03
15	Czech	3	0.03
16	Swedish	2	0.02
17	Lithuanian	1	0.01
	Total	10530	100

Table No. 6 is about ranking of Language wise distribution. It shown that the journal published in English language at the top stage i.e. 6406 (85.36%), while at the second stage is Japanese with 348 (i.e.4.64%), There are article is published in French 205 (i.e.2.73%), after that Portuguese is 169 (2.25%) and Spanish languages with i.e.1.59% and 119 articles published.

4.6Country of publication:

While analyzing list of journals cited it becomes essential to determine geographical scattering of periodicals and thereby that of citations. The countries of origin of all publications could not ascertain from the citations themselves. These were obtained from the searching internet of their website. Rank list of countries with the number of journals and citations shown in table no. 7

Table No.7: Country of publication

Sr. No.	Country	Count	Percentage	Rank
1	UNITED STATES	5038	48.92	1
2	ENGLAND	2588	25.13	2
3	NETHERLAND	1346	13.07	3
4	SWITZERLAND	155	1.51	4
5	GERMANY	145	1.41	5
6	CHINA	92	0.89	6
7	FRANCE	92	0.89	6
8	SPAIN	58	0.56	7
9	UNITED ARAB EMIRATES	58	0.56	8
10	CANADA	54	0.52	9
11	SOUTH AFRICA	49	0.48	10
12	DENMARK	46	0.45	11
13	UGANDA	42	0.41	12
14	INDIA	41	0.40	13
15	JAPAN	40	0.39	14
16	BRAZIL	30	0.29	15
17	RUSSIA (FEDERATION)	24	0.23	16
18	ITALY	22	0.21	17
19	AUSTRIA	20	0.19	18
20	WASHINGTON (DC) NEW YORK	20	0.19	18
21	AUSTRALIA	19	0.18	19
22	BELGIUM	18	0.17	20

23	IRAN	15	0.15	21
24	IRELAND	15	0.15	21
25	NEW ZEALAND	13	0.13	22
26	POLAND	12	0.12	23
27	THAILAND	12	0.12	23
28	AFRICA	11	0.11	24
29	SCOTLAND	11	0.11	24
30	9 time Cited journal Country (9 x3)	27	0.26	25
31	8 time Cited journal Country (8 x1)	8	0.08	26
32	6 time Cited journal Country (6 x2)	12	0.12	27
33	5 time Cited journal Country (5 x4)	20	0.19	28
34	4 time Cited journal Country (4 x3)	12	0.12	29
35	3 time Cited journal Country (3 x1)	3	0.03	30
36	2 time Cited journal Country (2 x6)	12	0.12	31
37	1 time Cited journal Country (1 x16)	16	0.16	32
38	NOT AVAILABLE	103	1.00	33

 

PUBLICATION OF COUNTRY   AUSTRIA RUSSIA (FEDERATION) JAPAN UGANDA SOUTH AFRICA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES FRANCE GERMANY NETHERLAND UNITED STATES 0        1000    2000    3000    4000    5000    6000

 

Fig.No.3 Country wise Publication

Table no.7 observed that, United States with 5038 (17.06) on first rank, followed by United Kingdom 2588 (16.16%) and Netherland 1346(%)on third rank

5.CONCLUSION

As this bibliometric analysis draws on publicly available data and does not directly involve human participants, ethical review is not required. Results of this analysis will identify the trends in HIV